Frequent Questions

Default compensation of five per cent per month may be claimed for the period of delay, and the debt is pursued through enforcement. The manager may start the proceeding without a separate resolution of the assembly.

A tenant occupying an independent unit is jointly and severally liable with the owner for common expenses, but only up to the amount of rent payable.

An owner who did not attend, voted against, or claims the resolution is unlawful may apply to the civil court of peace within 1 month of learning of it, and in any event within 6 months of the resolution date.

Amendment requires the votes of four fifths of the owners. Construction, repair and installation work in common areas is subject to the same qualified majority.

At the time stated in the management plan; if none is stated, within the first month of each calendar year. If quorum fails, the second meeting is held no later than 15 days afterwards.

The defect must be notified without delay after delivery; for hidden defects the period runs from when the defect appears. A court-ordered survey records the incomplete and defective work, after which the cost of remedy — or the remedy itself — is claimed. For immovable structures the limitation period is five years from delivery, or twenty where the developer is grossly at fault.

Yes. A single co-owner can bring the action; the consent of the others is not required. The court first examines whether partition in kind is possible and, if it is not, orders dissolution by sale.

When the property can be divided among the co-owners without a significant loss of value and zoning rules permit it. A flat usually cannot be divided; land and farmland frequently can.

You can claim ownership of the structure, trees or installations. If the claim succeeds, the part of the sale price attributable to them is paid to you and the remainder is shared according to the registered shares. The claim must be supported by evidence of cost and date of construction.

Yes. The sale is by public auction and co-owners may bid. If all co-owners request it, the court can also order that the auction be held among the co-owners only.

Mandatory defence counsel applies in limited cases, chiefly where the offence carries more than five years. In practice the first statement frames the whole file, and a statement given with counsel avoids assertions that are very hard to correct later.

Seven days from learning of the order. The challenge is filed with the judgeship that made it and reviewed by the court above. A release request can also be renewed at any stage.

Only for offences that require a complaint. Where the offence is prosecuted of the state’s own motion — aggravated injury, narcotics, offences against public order — withdrawal alone does not end the case.

Mediation ends the file without trial for eligible offences and leaves no criminal record. Even so, what is offered must be weighed against the sentencing and compensation risk; review the state of the evidence before accepting.

In an ordinary proceeding you have 7 days from service to object at the enforcement office; otherwise the proceeding becomes final and attachment follows. For proceedings based on negotiable instruments the period is 5 days and the objection goes to the enforcement court.

The objection suspends the proceeding. Depending on the document held, the creditor may ask the enforcement court to lift the objection (within 6 months) or bring an action to annul it before the general court (within 1 year). An unfounded objection can trigger compensation for denial of debt.

No. Asset searches through the national judicial system cover real property, vehicles, bank accounts and receivables, and rights held by third parties can also be attached. Keeping the file open also reaches assets acquired later.

Dormant files lapse. Attachment must be requested within 1 year of the payment order becoming final, and sale within 1 year of the attachment.

No forfeiture period or limitation applies, so an heir may bring the claim years later. Waiting is still risky: if the property has passed to a good-faith third party the outcome can change.

That is the classic pattern — a gift made to keep property from an heir is registered as a sale. Whether the price was actually paid, whether the deceased had other income, and the timing of the transfer are all weighed together.

If it is proved that capacity to discern was absent at the moment of transfer, the transaction is void. Hospital records, prescriptions and witness evidence are gathered, and the court usually orders a forensic medical report.

To prevent that, an injunction is requested and noted on the register when the claim is filed. Where no note was made, the buyer’s good faith becomes a further issue and the case takes longer.

Written undertaking, two justified notices, the owner's own need or reconstruction, and default are separate routes. Which applies depends on the content and date of the lease.

No. In disputes arising from a tenancy — including eviction — applying to a mediator first is a condition of bringing the action.

Application to a mediator must be made within one month of service of the dismissal notice. If mediation fails, the claim must be filed within two weeks of the final mediation record.

The gross wage including benefits: on top of base pay, transport, meals, bonuses and regularly paid premiums are included. One-off payments and overtime are not.

As a rule no. But where the termination is for good cause — unpaid wages, unregistered employment, harassment — severance is due. In that case notifying the ground in writing and on time is decisive.

Company records, access systems, timesheets and witness evidence. Where no records exist witnesses may suffice, though courts often apply an equitable reduction to the calculated amount.

Yes. An ordinary proceeding requires no document; but if the debtor objects, the claim must be proved in writing. The evidence position is therefore assessed before filing.

As a rule sixty days from written notification of the act. If it was never served, the date of actual knowledge applies. Where a preliminary application to the authority is required, that application suspends the period.

Two conditions must be met together: the act is manifestly unlawful, and its execution would cause harm that is difficult or impossible to repair. The request is made in the statement of claim and decided after the authority replies.

In a valuation action the nature of the land, its zoning status and comparable sales are reassessed by court experts. Whether it is classified as farmland or building plot affects the figure most.

An objection is filed with the municipality during the display period; if it is refused expressly or by silence, an annulment action follows in the administrative court. Missing the display notice causes a loss of rights, so the dates must be watched closely.

A final maintenance award is enforced as a judgment debt; where it remains unpaid, coercive imprisonment may also be sought before the enforcement criminal court.

First we check whether the contract and invoicing flow actually produces evidence; then we set a standard notice-and-enforcement routine for overdue receivables. Proceedings filed without that groundwork fail on objection.

If the value of the claim is below the annually updated threshold, applying to the consumer arbitration committee is mandatory; claims above it are filed directly with the consumer court.

Foreigners who acquire property above the set threshold and register a three-year no-sale annotation may apply for exceptional citizenship. A valuation report and transfer of the price through a bank are decisive for acceptance.

Seven days from service, to the administrative court. Once the appeal is filed the deportation is suspended until the court rules, which is why the deadline matters so much.

Not automatically. For the judgment to take effect and be entered in the civil registry, a recognition or enforcement action must be brought.

An annulment action can be brought in the administrative court. Reading the stated ground matters: where the refusal is for missing documents a fresh application is usually better, where it goes to the merits litigation is the right route.